Searchable message board

ABSTRACT

A method of accessing situation related information includes collecting information related to at least one situation from a plurality of participants connected via a situational network, where the situational network formed in response to the situation. An electronic message board for accessing a portion of the information related to the situation is established. Requests for the information is received from a plurality of visitors using the electronic message board, where the visitors are not connected to the situational network. The information is provided to the visitors using the electronic message board.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 60/887,843, filed Feb. 2, 2007, and entitled SituationalNetwork, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein byreference.

This application is related to co-pending U.S. patent application Ser.No. 11/566,947, filed Dec. 5, 2006, entitled Aggregating PersonalInformation in a Personal Information Aggregator, the entire disclosureof which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/924,706, filed Oct. 26, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,812,717 andentitled Situational Network; U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/924,711, filed Oct. 26, 2007, entitled Creating a Projection of aSituational Network; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/924,721, filedOct. 26, 2007, entitled Location Based Services in a SituationalNetwork; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/924,727, filed Oct. 26,2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,711,475 and entitled Use of a SituationalNetwork for Navigation and Travel; U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/924,731, filed Oct. 26, 2007, entitled Access of Information Using aSituational Network; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/924,748,filed Oct. 26, 2007, entitled Targeted Advertising in a SituationalNetwork.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following detailed description will be better understood when readin conjunction with the appended drawings, in which there is shown oneor more of the multiple embodiments of the present invention. It shouldbe understood, however, that the various embodiments of the presentinvention are not limited to the precise arrangements andinstrumentalities shown in the drawings.

In the Drawings:

FIG. 1 is a network diagram of an embodiment of a Situational Network(SitNet);

FIG. 2 is a use case diagram for the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a use case diagram for a personal information aggregator (PIA)used in accordance with the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a class diagram for the structure of the personal informationstored in the PIA used in accordance with the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is a sequence diagram for the interactions associated with a PIAsingle-use authorization request to receive data from the PIA used inaccordance with the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 6 is a sequence diagram for the interactions associated with a PIAongoing-use authorization request to receive data from the PIA used inaccordance with the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 7 is a sequence diagram for the interactions associated with a PIAlimited-use authorization request to receive data from the PIA used inaccordance with the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 8 is a sequence diagram for the interactions associated with auser-initiated PIA authorization to provide data from the PIA used inaccordance with the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 9 is an activity diagram for the steps performed by the PIA used inaccordance with the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 10 is a sequence diagram for the interactions associated withuser-initiated receiving of data by the PIA used in accordance with theSitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 11 is a sequence diagram for the interactions associated with anauthorization request to provide data to the PIA used in accordance withthe SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 12 is a network diagram of an N-Dimensional Social Network (NDSN)used in accordance with the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 13 is a use case diagram for the NDSN of FIG. 12;

FIG. 14 is a sequence diagram for the interactions associated with auser discovering an NDSN used in accordance with the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 15 is a sequence diagram for the interactions associated with auser connecting to other members of an NDSN used in accordance with theSitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 16 is a sequence diagram for the interactions associated with auser inviting a new member to connect to the members of an NDSN used inaccordance with the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 17 is a sequence diagram for the interactions associated with auser disconnecting from other members of an NDSN used in accordance withthe SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 18 is an example of nodes of the NDSN of FIG. 12;

FIG. 19 is an example of a projected NDSN used in accordance with theSitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 20 is a sequence diagram for the interactions associated withcreating a projection of the NDSN used in accordance with the SitNet ofFIG. 1;

FIG. 21 is a sequence diagram for the interactions associated with auser connecting to other members of an NDSN used in accordance with theSitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 22 is a block diagram of a computer system for realization of theSitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 23 is a block diagram of a computer system through which theimplementation of the SitNet of FIG. 1 may be realized;

FIG. 24 is a user case diagram of an emergency event situational networkin accordance with the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 25 is an example of a propagation of a notification using a PIA inaccordance with the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 26 is an example of a method of connecting to a weather-dependentsocial network in accordance with the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 27 is an example of presenting targeted advertisements to differentusers in accordance with the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 28 is a use case diagram in accordance with the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 29 is an example of temporally limited links in accordance with theSitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 30 is an example of a geographic projection of nodes in accordancewith the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 31 is an example of an event relative embodiment of a SitNet;

FIG. 32 is an example of presenting a roll call to a user in accordancewith the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 33 is an example of a searchable message board that can be used inaccordance with the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 34 is a sequence diagram in accordance with the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 35 is a sequence diagram in accordance with the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 36 is a sequence diagram in accordance with the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 37 is a sequence diagram in accordance with the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 38 is a sequence diagram in accordance with the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 39 is a sequence diagram in accordance with the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 40 is a sequence diagram in accordance with the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 41 is a flow diagram in accordance with the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 42 is a sequence diagram in accordance with the SitNet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 43 is a network diagram of an alternative embodiment of a SitNet;

FIG. 44 is a network diagram of an alternative embodiment of a SitNet;and

FIG. 45 is a network diagram of an alternative embodiment of a SitNet.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Certain terminology is used herein for convenience only and is not to betaken as a limitation on the embodiments of the present invention. Inthe drawings, the same reference letters are employed for designatingthe same elements throughout the several figures.

The words “right”, “left”, “lower” and “upper” designate directions inthe drawings to which reference is made. The words “inwardly” and“outwardly” refer to directions toward and away from, respectively, thegeometric center of the situational network and designated partsthereof. The terminology includes the words above specificallymentioned, derivatives thereof and words of similar import.

Unified Modeling Language (“UML”) can be used to model and/or describemethods and systems and provide the basis for better understanding theirfunctionality and internal operation as well as describing interfaceswith external components, systems and people using standardizednotation. When used herein, UML diagrams including, but not limited to,use case diagrams, class diagrams and activity diagrams, are meant toserve as an aid in describing the embodiments of the present invention,but do not constrain implementation thereof to any particular hardwareor software embodiments. Unless otherwise noted, the notation used withrespect to the UML diagrams contained herein is consistent with the UML2.0 specification or variants thereof and is understood by those skilledin the art.

Referring generally to FIG. 1, a situational network 3000 is createdwhen an occurrence or expected occurrence of an event or situation 3005causes connections, also referred to as links, to be establishedbetween, within or among a set of participants 250, 207. The situationalnetwork allows the participants 250, 207 to interact and exchangeinformation over connections to or through a computer network 900regarding the event or situation 3005. Some or all of the participantsincluded in the situational network (SitNet) 3000 may have no priorknowledge of or connection or contact with each other or otherparticipants of the situational network through any other type of socialnetwork or personal interactions.

In the context of the situational network 3000, the participants mayinclude external entities 207, also called situation authorities,central authorities or trusted providers, that generally are able toaggregate and provide comprehensive information related to thesituation. Situation authorities 207 include, but are not limited tonews organizations, such as news agencies (e.g., CNN), weather agencies(e.g., The Weather Channel), traffic agencies (e.g., Traffic.com),emergency relief organizations (e.g., The American Red Cross), andgovernment agencies (e.g., local fire departments, state Departments ofTransportation, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)). There is acorresponding situation authority server 3011, also referred to as anevent node server, for each situation authority 207. The situationauthority server 3011 may be connected to a database 3020 for storinginformation related to the situation 3005, or data related to otherparticipants in the SitNet 3000.

Participants in the SitNet 3000 also include users 250, which arealternately referred to as individuals or members. Users 250 areconnected via the situational network 3000 using devices 402 such ascell phones, PDA's, personal computers, network servers, PVR's,in-vehicle and portable navigation systems, or other devices generallyknown to those skilled in the art that enable connection to, from andthrough the computer network 900. There is at least one device 402corresponding to each user 250, although a user 250 may use more thanone device 402 to access and share information within the situationalnetwork 3000. The devices 402 may be connected into the situationalnetwork 3000 automatically, by requesting a connection, or by receivingan invitation to connect, each of which is described in greater detailbelow.

The connections, or links, established in forming and sustaining thesituational network 3000 may be persistent or temporary. A persistentconnection allows participants to exchange information without requiringthe user to re-authenticate, re-authorize, or re-create the connection.Temporary connections require one or both sides of the link tore-authenticate or re-authorize the connection each time information isto be sent or received. Some temporary links may enable one-time use,such that a new connection, including authorization or authentication,is created each time information is passed between the participants.

Examples of events or situations 3005 that might initiate the formationof a situational network include weather phenomenon, such as hurricanes,tornadoes, severe thunderstorms, or winter storms; emergency situations,such as building fires, aircraft crashes, or toxic substance releases;natural disasters, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, or floods; weatherrelated activities, such as skiing or surfing; navigation and/or travelincidents, such as road closures or construction, vehicle accidents,traffic congestion, roadway debris, or air turbulence; and public healthcrises, such as disease outbreak. Many of these event types areinterrelated. For example, there a high correlation between vehicleaccidents and freezing precipitation. Thus, it is possible to anticipateor pre-form a situational network based on an expected weather conditionor forecast or anticipated road construction.

If the event or situation is not stationary or changes over time (e.g.,in scope or location), such as a weather event with a time-dependenttrajectory or size, the participants in the situational network may alsochange as the situation evolves over time. This embodiment is referredto as an event relative or dynamic SitNet. A change in thecharacteristics, either actual or forecast, associated with thesituation are used to determine which users should be connected to ordisconnected from the SitNet. Examples of characteristics for a weatherphenomenon include location, size, shape, speed, precipitation rate,wind velocity, and trajectory. Some examples of characteristics that maybe associated with navigation situations include location, altitude,visibility, length of traffic backup, and road surface conditions. Inone embodiment, the users are connected or disconnected to the SitNetbased on their movement relative to the situation.

Referring to FIG. 31, an example of an event relative SitNet is shownfor two different times T1 and T2. At time T1, participants B, D, E, andH are connected to a situation authority in SitNet 3001 that has beenestablished for a cluster of severe thunderstorms 3003. At time T2, inresponse to the changes in the location and shape of the thunderstormcluster 3003, participants A, C, F, and I have been added to the SitNet3001, and participants B, D, and H have been disconnected. Participant Eis included in the SitNet 3001 at both time T1 and T2.

Referring to FIG. 36, the event relative embodiment of the SitNet has adynamic set of user connections in which links between the participantsin the situational network are added or removed as the situation orevent changes its geographic location or as the user changes hisposition relative to the situation. User devices 404, 406 are connectedinto the situational network when it is determined that users of thedevices 404, 406 are affected by the event or situation. Similarly,users are disconnected from the situational network as the event orsituation moves away, the users move away from the situation, or theusers are no longer determined to be affected by the event or situation.For example, due to the uncertain nature of hurricane trajectoryprediction, the list of users connected to the SitNet may change foreach updated forecast of the hurricane, with users determined to be outof the projected hurricane path being disconnected from the SitNet whileother users included in the projected hurricane path are added. As thehurricane passes, some users may be disconnected from the network iftheir area was not adversely affected, while those affected by the stormmay remain connected to the SitNet or even be disconnected from theevent relative SitNet and invited to connect to a different SitNet forthose affected by the Hurricane, possibly requiring emergency assistanceor aid by a relief agency.

A SitNet may be formed when users involved in a situation or event aredetermined to be in relatively close geographic positions. If the SitNetis not pre-formed or anticipated by the event or situation, but itsformation is a result of the occurrence of the event or situationcausing the potential members of the SitNet to be within a relativelysmall geographic area, such embodiment of the SitNet may be referred toas a proximity based SitNet. A proximity based SitNet may be establishedwithout the involvement of a situation authority or the creation anevent node, described in greater detail below. User devices, such asPersonal Information Aggregators (PIAs), discussed in greater detailbelow, containing a GPS or other geographic positioning devicesgenerally understood by those skilled in the art, can share locationcoordinates to determine if they are within a proximity limit that haseither been preset within the device or predetermined by the user. Inone embodiment, PTAs crawling a multi-dimensional personal informationnetwork (NDSN), discussed in greater detail below, can locate other PIAswith the same proximity if the PIAs are allowed to share their locationcoordinates. The users may have no previous interaction or knowledge ofeach other, but may be related thought their PIAs by a high orderseparation of nodes in the NDSN (i.e., their PIAs may have indirectlychanged information as described below). For example, while travelinginternationally, several people without any other prior personalconnection or relationship are coincidentally delayed at the sameairport. They are alerted to the proximity of the other users by theirPTAs which have established that they share something in common, such ascurrently reside in the same town, state or county, or have attended thesame school or university. A SitNet can be formed through connectionsestablished through the PIAs, possibly resulting in a personal meetingbetween the individuals.

A proximity based SitNet may be established in response to a request forgoods or services (i.e. the need for goods or services is the situation)by an individual. A device associated with an individual broadcasts amessage containing a request for goods and/or services. The message alsoincludes positional coordinates. Other devices receiving the requestwithin a close proximity to the requesting device may establish aconnection with the requesting device to provide information about therendering of the service or the availability of the goods. The devicesmay also be used to facilitate a personal meeting between the deviceusers if the rendering of the service or procurement of goods requiressuch a meeting. The connections in the SitNet are maintained until theservice has been completed by one user with a responding device, oruntil the goods have been obtained.

A variety of different architectures may be used to connect the devicesof participants in the situational network. In one embodiment, asituational network may be formed using a centralized architecture.Referring to FIG. 43, in a centralized architecture embodiment, userdevices 402 in the SitNet 3012 corresponding to users 250 are connectedusing centralized connections 3013 to a situation authority server 3011associated with a situation authority 207. Information related to thesituation 3005 is shared between the situation authority 207 and theusers 250. Information originating from a user 250 in the SitNet 3012and related to the situation 3005 may be shared with other users 250 inthe SitNet 3012 via the situation authority 207. The situation authority207 may distribute the information as received from the users 250 viathe centralized connections 3013 between the situation authority server3011 and the user devices 402 or perform a verification of theinformation before distributing the information to the users 250 of theSitNet 3012 through the centralized connections 3013.

Referring to FIG. 44, the situational network may also be formed using adecentralized architecture, such as a peer-to-peer network understood byone skilled in the art. In FIG. 44, user devices 402 of SitNet 3014corresponding to users 250 are connected to each other throughpeer-to-peer connections 3015. The user device 402 may be connected atthe same time to more than one other user device 402. Informationrelated to the situation 3005 is shared using the user devices 402directly between users 250 using the peer-to-peer connections 3015.Information can be distributed from a user 250 to all other users or asubset of the users in the SitNet 3014.

In one embodiment, the situation authority acts as a participant in thepeer-to-peer network. While the situation authority may act as animportant source of information, it does not act as the centralauthority or host, as would be found in the centralized architecturedescribed above.

Referring to FIG. 45, both centralized and decentralized architecturesmay be utilized to form a combined architecture for the situationalnetwork. In FIG. 45, the user devices 402 in the SitNet 3016 areconnected to the situation authority server 3011 using centralizedconnections 3013. The user devices 402 are also interconnected with eachother using peer-to-peer connections 3015. In the event that thesituation authority server 3011 becomes disabled or connectivity betweenthe situation authority 207 and the users 250 is lost, the peer to peerconnections 3015 that have been established between the users 250 orcorresponding user devices 402 can still allow vital situationinformation to be exchange between users 250. In one embodiment, thesituation authority 207 facilitates the formation of the peer-to-peerconnections 3015 by providing users 250 with some type of indication ofother users 250 also connected to the situational network 3016 throughthe situation authority server 3011. One such indication may be aprojection of nodes of the SitNet 3016, described in greater detailbelow.

Regardless of the architecture used to form and sustain the situationalnetwork, the situational network is generally formed according to theprocess outlined in FIG. 41, which includes a recognition oridentification of a situation 3100, a connection of participants 3110,and a sharing of information related to the situation 3120. This is alsodemonstrated in FIG. 39, where the situation is identified by situationauthority 207. Users 256, 256 and situation authority 207 are allinterconnected, and able to exchange information. Furthermore, thoseskilled in the art will recognize that any of the availablearchitectures (e.g., centralized, peer-to-peer, or combination thereof)may be used to form and sustain the various embodiments of thesituational network described above, including the event relative(dynamic) SitNet or the proximity based SitNet. Certain architecturesmay be more applicable to certain embodiments. For example, thepeer-to-peer architecture may naturally be used to form a proximitybased SitNet described previously due to the inherent nature of theproximity SitNet. Nonetheless, those skilled in the art will recognizethat a centralized or combination architecture may also be used for theproximity based SitNet depending on the particular situation and/orconnections available.

In one embodiment, the situational network may be established using theframework of an N-dimensional social network (NDSN), also referred tohereafter as a multi-dimensional personal information network, asdescribed in detail below. In this embodiment, users are connected intothe situational network through the NDSN using a PIA. In the context ofthe NDSN, a PIA associated with each user is or encompasses a node ofthe situational network. The situation or event itself may also beassociated with a node on the SitNet, known as the event node for theSitNet. For example, an entity, such as a trusted provider ofinformation (e.g., a news source such as CNN or weather.com),establishes an event node in an NDSN that propagates up-to-dateinformation on the situation to PTAs of the NDSN connected to that eventnode. In one embodiment, the SitNet may have more than one event node.

Referring to FIG. 2, user PIAs connected to an event node using theconnect use case 972 in the SitNet 3000 may discover each other usingthe discover use case 971, described below. Personal or situationrelevant information is shared between the users using the share usecase 977. In addition, connections between PIAs, also called links, maybe established where one or both of the PIAs are not linked directly tothe event node, wherein a direct link to the event node is also referredto as a first order connection. In one embodiment, the SitNet can beformed in the absence of an event node, such as in a de-centralized(peer-to-peer) architecture as described above.

A Personal Information Aggregator (PIA) provides a user with the abilityto store, organize and control personal information. The PIA obtainspersonal information that may be controlled by separate entities (e.g.,credit reporting agencies, financial institutions and merchants),aggregates the information and organizes the information in manners thathave been selected by the user. The user controls access to the personalinformation stored in the PIA by authorizing access by other entities tosubsets of the personal information stored in the PIA. In many cases,the use of the authorized information is bound and restricted by legalcontract, and therefore, the user has legal remedies available toenforce proper use of the information.

The user of a PIA can be any person, group or entity that wishes tomanage and control his (or its) personal information. For example, afamily can use a PIA to aggregate personal information that the familymembers have in common (place of residence, family vacations, etc.).

An entity that accesses the information stored in a PIA can be anindividual person, a group, entity or equipment (e.g., digital videorecorder) or software (e.g., web browser) that has been configured toaccess the PIA. The nature and composition of a group that accesses aPIA can encompass a broad range of organizations, e.g., a health clinic,an auto dealership, a coin collectors club, etc.

The personal information obtained by and/or stored in a PIA encompassesa broad array of types of information about a person's life, socialinteractions, health and healthcare, consumer behavior includingconsumer purchases, entertainment consumption and habits, fitnessactivity, travel, financial, employment, education, hobbies and personalcomputing and/or other aspects of a person's world that can be reducedin any way to data. The personal information stored in the PIA isobtained from a variety of sources, including input data feeds that aregenerated by providers of goods and services, healthcare providers,organizations, clubs, social contacts and other persons and entities. Inaddition, personal information stored in the PIA may be entered directlyby the user.

In some cases, there may be data regarding the user that is contained onthe Internet, private networks, or in personal data storage. In oneembodiment, the PIA “crawls” such networks or storage areas, searchingfor information to add to its store of personal information associatedwith the user.

A community information aggregator (CIA) performs functions that aresimilar to those of a PIA for a community of users (e.g., an associationof architects or a chess club) A CIA provides a community with theability to store, organize and control information associated with thecommunity and personal information associated with members of thecommunity. The CIA obtains, aggregates and organizes such information,and makes the information available to other authorized entities in amanner similar to that described herein with respect to PIAs.

A CIA may obtain data by searching other sources of information, e.g.,web sites on the Internet. In one embodiment, a CIA gathers informationabout a user that is not published by that user's PIA by crawling publicand/or private information sources. In one embodiment, a marketer's CIAuses a known piece of information about a user to search for and storeadditional information about the user. For example, a user's knowne-mail address can be used to locate Internet postings of productreviews, blog postings and comments, listings in membership directoriesor other information associated with the user. This additionalinformation could be used as input for recommendations targeted to theuser.

A user controls the information coming in to the PIA by grantingauthorization to desired sources and denying authorization to unwantedsources. The source of the information may request authorization toprovide information to the PIA. Alternatively, the user or the PIA mayinitiate the operation of receiving data from a source. The authorizedinformation received by the PIA is organized and stored in the PIA. ThePIA generates composite and derived output data feeds from the storedpersonal information. These data feeds may be accessed by providers ofgoods and services, healthcare providers, communities (e.g.,organizations and clubs), social contacts, CIAs, other PIAs and otherpersons and entities if authorized by the user In some embodiments, thePIA can be configured to notify the user or automatically rejectrequests from entities known to be invalid, such as spammers.

Referring to FIG. 3, an entity 207 requests authorization for access toa user's PIA 400 by using the Request Authorization use case 954. Theuser 250 can authorize the request using one of the access type usecases 957 (e.g., Allow Single-use Access, Allow Ongoing Access, AllowLimited Access) of the Authorize use case 950. If authorized, the entity207 may access the requested output data feed of personal information ifthe request was for access by using the Access Information use case 956.Similarly, the entity 207 may provide information to the requested inputdata feed of the PIA if the request was to provide data by using theProvide information use case 955. It should be noted that an entity 207is not limited to authorization for a single feed, nor is an entity 207limited to an exclusively input or output role. Rather, an entity 207may have authorization to concurrently access one or more input datafeeds and provide data to one or more input data feeds.

The personal information stored by the PIA may reside in data structuresthat are implemented as tables in a relational database managementsystem (DBMS) and that can be accessed by the PIA's application program.FIG. 4 illustrates an example of data structures used to store thepersonal information in a PIA. In FIG. 4, each data structure used tostore information in the PIA is represented by a programming class in anobject-oriented language (e.g., Java or C++), and the type ofinformation stored in the PIA for each class of data is represented bythe attributes of the class.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that there are many types ofpersonal information that can be stored in the PIA 400. Similarly, thedesign of the data structures used to store the information can varygreatly, depending on various factors such as the design requirementsfor the PIA (e.g., response time) and the selected platforms used toimplement the PIA (e.g., DBMS, operating system, etc.).

An Upload Data use case 960 (see FIG. 3) allows entities 207 a to uploaddata to be stored in the PIA 400; the Review Data 961 use case allowsthe user 250 to review the uploaded data.

In one embodiment, the user 250 controls access to both the input andoutput data feeds of the PIA. Specific authorization must be granted toallow an input data feed to be accepted by the PIA 400. Similarly,specific authorization must be granted to allow access to an output datafeed provided by the PIA. Authorization can be granted by variousmechanisms. Those skilled in the art will recognize that anauthorization request may be sent to the PIA using a wide variety ofavailable hardware and technologies generally known in the art.

Authorization may be granted only for a “single use” of a data feed. Forexample, a user might grant authorization for an insurer to access acomposite “Medical Record” output data feed for only a single use inorder to process an insurance claim. Alternatively, the authorizationmight also be contingent upon the agreement that any data received fromthe output data feed is to be destroyed after the single use of thedata.

The authorization request might also specify a “nature of use” for therequested data. For example, a healthcare provider might specify in anauthorization request that the data will only be used by a specifieddoctor during a specified episode of care.

Authorization might be granted for only a portion of the requested data.This situation might be handled by creating one or more data feeds thatcontain only the authorized subset of the requested data.

FIG. 5 depicts the interactions associated with a PIA single-useauthorization request in one embodiment of the invention. The ExternalEntity 207 sends a requestInformationAccess message to the PIA 400, witharguments indicating the requested data feed (FeedID) and the nature ofthe request (“Single Use”). Upon receiving the request from the ExternalEntity 207, the PIA 400 sends a UI message to the user 250. Thearguments of the UI request provide the ID of the entity (EntityID), thenature of the request, the ID of the requested data, and the text to bedisplayed to the user (“requests . . . ”). The User 250 responds bysending an authorize message to the PIA 400, passing back in themessage's arguments the entity's ID, the nature of the authorization(“Single Use”), and the data feed (FeedID) for which authorization isgranted. The PIA 400 notifies the External Entity 207 that theauthorization has been granted by sending it a grantAccess message witharguments indicating the nature of the authorization and the data feedfor which authorization is granted.

After receiving notification of the authorization, the External Entity207 sends the PIA 400 a requestData message with an argument specifyingthe data feed that is being requested. If the feed ID matches that forwhich authorization has been granted, the PIA 400 responds by sendingthe requested data to the External Entity 207 in a provideData message.After receiving the requested data from the PIA 400, the External Entity207 uses the data (useData). Since the authorization was for a singleuse, the External Entity 207 destroys the data (destroyData) after itsuse. To notify the PIA 400 of the data's destruction, the ExternalEntity 207 sends a dataDestroyed message, which the PIA 400 passes on tothe User 250. In one embodiment, the PIA 400 might utilize a timer toremind itself to check for notification that the data has beendestroyed, and to send a message to the user 250 if not notified withina prescribed time period.

FIG. 6 depicts the interactions associated with an ongoing-useauthorization request in one embodiment of the invention. The ExternalEntity 207 sends a requestInformationAccess message to the PIA 400, witharguments indicating requested data feed (FeedID) and the nature of therequest (“Ongoing”). Upon receiving the request from the External Entity207, the PIA 400 sends a UI message to the user 250. The arguments ofthe UI request provide the ID of the entity (EntityID), the nature ofthe request, the requested data feed, and the text to be displayed tothe user (“requests . . . ”). The User 250 responds by sending anauthorize message to the PIA 400, passing back in the message'sarguments the entity's ID, the nature of the authorization (“Ongoing”),and the data feed for which authorization is granted. The PIA 400notifies the External Entity 207 that the authorization has been grantedby sending it a grantAccess message with arguments indicating the natureof the authorization and the data feed for which authorization isgranted.

After receiving notification of the authorization, the External Entity207 sends the PIA 400 a requestData message with an argument specifyingthe data feed that is being requested. If the feed ID matches that forwhich authorization has been granted, the PIA 400 responds by sendingthe requested data to the External Entity 207 in a provideData message.After receiving the requested data from the PIA 400, the External Entity207 uses the data (useData). Since the authorization is for ongoingaccess, this cycle of a requestData message followed by a provideDatamessage continues indefinitely.

FIG. 7 depicts the interactions associated with a limited-useauthorization request. In this example, authorization is granted forlimited use of a data feed, and the authorization is revoked on aspecific termination date or due to some other set of terminationconditions. For example, the travel department at the user's employermight be granted authorization to access a composite Travel Preferencesinput data feed so long as the user is still employed by the employer.The PIA 400 keeps a persistent record of the authorization, so thatauthorization needs only to be granted once, rather than repeatedly, andrevokes the authorization if the employment is terminated.

The External Entity 207 sends a requestInformationAccess message to thePIA 400, with arguments indicating the requested data feed (FeedID) andthe nature of the request (“Limited”). Upon receiving the request fromthe External Entity 207, the PIA 400 sends a UI message to the user 250.The arguments of the UI request provide the ID of the entity (EntityID),the nature of the request, the requested data feed, and the text to bedisplayed to the user (“requests . . . ”). The User 250 responds bysending an authorize message to the PIA 400, with arguments that specifythe entity's ID, the nature of the authorization (“Limited”), thetermination criteria (endCondition) and the data feed for whichauthorization is granted. The PIA 400 notifies the External Entity 207that the authorization has been granted by sending it a grantAccessmessage with arguments indicating the nature of the authorization, thetermination conditions and the data feed for which authorization isgranted.

After receiving notification of the authorization, the External Entity207 sends the PIA 400 a requestData message with an argument specifyingthe data feed that is being requested. If the feed ID matches that forwhich authorization has been granted, the PIA 400 responds by sendingthe requested data to the External Entity 207 in a provideData message.

After receiving the requested data from the PIA 400, the External Entity207 uses the data (useData) and then, since the authorization was forlimited use, checks for the existence of the termination conditions(checkCondition). If the termination conditions are met, the ExternalEntity 207 destroys all of the data (destroyData) which it has receivedunder this authorization. To notify the PIA 400 of the data'sdestruction, the External Entity 207 sends a “dataDestroyed” message,which the PIA 400 passes on to the User 250. In another embodiment, thePIA 400, instead of the external entity, might check for the terminationconditions, and notify the external entity 207 when the conditions aremet.

In an alternate embodiment, the user 250, instead of the externalentity, might initiate the authorization. FIG. 8 depicts theinteractions associated with a PIA authorization request for such asituation. Although an ongoing authorization request is shown in theexample of FIG. 8, it is understood that a user-initiated authorizationrequest may also be for single or limited use. In FIG. 8, the User 250initiates the authorization by sending an authorize message to the PIA400, with arguments that specify the entity's ID (EntityID), the natureof the authorization (authorizationType), and the data feed (FeedID) forwhich authorization is granted. Upon receiving the authorization fromthe User 250, the PIA 400 notifies the External Entity 207 of theauthorization by sending an accessGranted message with an argumentspecifying the nature of the authorization and identifying theauthorized data feed.

After receiving notification of the authorization, the External Entity207 sends the PIA 400 a requestData message with an argument specifyingthe data feed that is being requested. If the feed ID matches that forwhich authorization has been granted, the PIA 400 responds by sendingthe requested data to the External Entity 207 in a provideData message.After receiving the requested data from the PIA 400, the External Entity207 uses the data (useData). Since the authorization is for ongoingaccess, this cycle of a requestData message followed by a provideDatamessage continues indefinitely.

With regard to the receipt of input data feeds by the PIA 400, the user250, in one embodiment, might request the PIA 400 to receive data fromthe external entity. FIG. 10 depicts the interactions associated withsuch a situation. The User 250 requests the PIA 400 to receive a datafeed from the External Entity 207 by sending a receiveRequest message tothe PIA 400. The PIA 400 requests the data feed from the External Entity207 by sending a requestData message to the External Entity 207. TheExternal Entity 207 provides the requested data feed to the PIA 400 bysending the provideData message to the PIA 400. After receiving therequested data from the External Entity 207, the PIA 400 stores thedata.

It should be noted that in another embodiment, the External Entity 207may be configured to provide data to the PIA 400 once the PIA hasconfigured itself to accept the data feed from the External Entity 207,and thus, the requestData message would be eliminated from theinteraction.

In an alternate embodiment, the External Entity 207 requestsauthorization to provide data feeds to the PIA 400. FIG. 11 depicts theinteractions associated with such a situation. The External Entity 207requests authorization to provide data to the PIA 400 by sending arequestInformationAccess message to the PIA 400. The PIA 400 notifiesthe User 250 of the authorization request by sending a UI message to theUser 250. The User 250 approves the authorization request by sending anauthorize message to the PIA 400. The PIA 400 notifies the ExternalEntity 207 of the approval by sending a grantAccess message to theExternal Entity 207. The External Entity 207 provides the requested datafeed to the PIA 400 by sending the provideData message to the PIA 400.After receiving the requested data from the External Entity 207, the PIA400 stores the data.

In any interaction in which the PIA receives data from an externalentity, an additional operation might be used to authenticate the sourceof the data, i.e., the external entity and the data feeds provided bythat source. A person skilled in the art will recognize that there arevarious well-known technologies that might be used to provide thisassurance; some examples are the use of public and private keys, digitalsignatures and hashcodes.

FIG. 9 is an activity diagram corresponding to an Authorize activity. Inthe depicted embodiment, the requesting entity has an associatedsecurity level. This security level is used as an additional conditionfor obtaining access to the PTA's data feeds. The PIA receives anauthorization request and checks the requesting entity's security level.If the security level is allowable for the requested data feed based onthe entity's security level and the nature of the authorization request(single-use, limited use or ongoing), then the PIA next determines if itwill authorize the request based on factors independent of the entity'ssecurity level. In one example, the user may only allow a certain entityaccess during normal work day hours, and not during the evening or onweekends. In another example, an entity may only be allowed single-useaccess, and therefore the entity will be refused authorization ifongoing or limited use is requested.

A PIA, depending upon the particular embodiment, may present userinterface displays to the user for managing the user's personalinformation. In one embodiment, the user interface (UI), which may be aGUI or a text-based interface, may be presented on a computer displayscreen. Alternatively, the user interface may be presented on thedisplay of a PIA appliance, or on a smaller screen contained within ahandheld device associated with the PIA.

The PIA 400 or CIA may be implemented on a variety of hardware andsoftware platforms, e.g., a handheld device, a personal computer or adedicated appliance. The latter is a device that provides a user withthe functions of a PIA 400. In this example, the PIA 400, which isimplemented as the appliance includes a display and a set of buttonswhich provide the user with a user interface. In addition, the PIAappliance in this example has a port which may be used for connectingthe PIA appliance to a network (e.g., Internet) for transmitting andreceiving input and output data feeds as well as any configurationinformation or data used by the PIA 400. Those skilled in the art willrecognize that the PIA 400 and the CIA may be implemented on a varietyof hardware and software platforms.

Similarly, the type of hardware that is used by the PIA to storepersonal information can vary considerably, depending in part on suchfactors as user preferences and available technologies. In oneembodiment, the personal information is stored in a device that is underthe physical possession and control of the user, e.g., a small handheldportable device. The device may be dedicated solely to providing thefunctions of a PIA; alternatively, the device may also have otherfunctions. For example, a mobile phone may be configured to provide theadditional functions of a PIA. In such an embodiment, a databasemanagement system (DBMS) such as Microsoft SQL Server CE™ might be usedfor storing and managing the personal information.

In other embodiments, the personal information is stored in other typesof devices that are under the physical possession and control of theuser, e.g., the user's personal computer or a dedicated PIA appliance.In these embodiments, a database package such as Microsoft Access™ or aDBMS such as Microsoft SQL Server™, mySQL or postgreSQL might be usedfor storing the personal information.

The computer network 900 may be implemented with a variety of hardwareplatforms. For example, the computer network 900 may be implementedusing the IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) or IEEE 802.11 (wireless) networkingtechnologies, either separately or in combination. In addition, thecomputer network 900 may be implemented with a variety of communicationtools. For example, the computer network 900 may be implemented usingthe well-known TCP/IP suite of protocols. The Internet and somecorporate intranets are examples of computer networks that use thetechnologies and standards described above.

In yet another embodiment, the personal information is stored in aremote server that is operated by a separate PIA provider and provides“virtual” PIA functions to one or more users. The PIA provider operatingthe remote computer ensures that the user has exclusive control over hispersonal information by providing one or more mechanisms for validatingthe user's identity before allowing the user to exercise control overhis personal information. In this embodiment, a DBMS such as IBM DB2™ ormySQL might be used for storing and managing the personal information

Those skilled in the art will recognize that there are a wide variety ofchoices other than the examples given above regarding the selection andarrangement of the equipment, technologies, platforms and systems usedto store personal information in the PIA.

The technologies used by the PIA to send and receive its data feeds arevaried and depend upon the specific embodiment. In one embodiment inwhich the PIA is implemented on a handheld device, the technologiesinclude Bluetooth for local feeds and wireless short message service(SMS) for remote feeds. Bluetooth is used to establish a data connectionbetween the PIA and a blood pressure monitor in a physician's office,and this data connection is used to send the blood pressure measurementstaken by the monitor the PIA. SMS is used to send the latest healthcareinformation, which includes blood pressure measurements, to the PIA.

In an embodiment in which the PIA is implemented on a personal computeror a remote computer, Internet access through an Internet ServiceProvider (ISP) might be used for sending and receiving data. In thisembodiment, the ISP might provide access to the Internet as a dial-upservice, or through a higher-speed technology such as broadband or DSL.Since the Internet can expose the data being sent and received tounauthorized persons and systems, the data feeds, in this embodiment,might be encrypted, e.g., by using the HTTPS protocol, or byimplementing a virtual private network (VPN) between the PIA and thesources and receivers of the data feeds.

An N-dimensional social network (NDSN), also called a multi-dimensionalpersonal information network, captures and manages multi-dimensionalrelationships between persons and other entities that are users of thenetwork. An NDSN may be used as a framework for establishing aSituational Network. A user (i.e., a member or participant) of the NDSNmay be an individual (i.e., person), a group (e.g., healthcare clinic,law firm, supermarket chain, etc), or entity. The NDSN uses multipledimensions of association to characterize the relationships betweenusers or members. For example, while friendship is a dimension thatmight be used by the NDSN, the NDSN might also utilize other dimensionssuch as family, professional connection, consumer (e.g.,consumer-to-merchant) relationship and healthcare-relation (e.g.,providers, insurers, etc.) to characterize the relationship between twoor more users. In addition, the NDSN might utilize dimensions that linkparticipants by preferences and behaviors, e.g., a preference for a typeof product or service.

The NDSN permits the user to discover and utilize the indirectrelationships to other users that are connected to him throughfirst-degree users. The multiple dimensions of the NDSN 100 and theability to discover and use indirect relationships are described in moredetail below. The NDSN also provides a decentralized architectureoutside the control of a single entity.

The NDSN can also provide a “projected” view of a subset of the membersof the NDSN to the user based on a subset of the NDSN's multipledimensions. Such a “projected” view allows the user to use and managesmaller portions of the entire social network. The projected socialnetwork is described in more detail below.

In one embodiment, the NDSN comprises interconnected nodes, whereindividual users, members, entities, communities, or other aggregationsof entities within the NDSN are associated with the nodes. Each nodeprovides an associated entity with the ability to store and manage hisprofile and relationships with other users of the NDSN. Nodes mayconnect via different dimensions. Sets of nodes may exhibit highinterconnectedness along some dimensions and little or nointerconnection along other dimensions.

Each node is capable of communicating in a peer-to-peer fashion withother nodes in the NDSN, and thus is a user's point of connection to theNDSN, providing a user with access to information that can be obtainedfrom other users of the NDSN with whom the user has a relationship.Conversely, a node provides a user with the ability to selectively share(by providing access to) his personal information with other users ofthe NDSN. A node may be, or may encompass, a user's PIA or CIA.

Referring to FIG. 12, the NDSN 100 includes multiple users 250 and otherentities associated therewith. Each of the users 250 or other entitiesof the NDSN 100 has an associated node which encompasses a PIA 400 or aCIA 220 or other device or software application (not shown). The PTAs400 and CIAs 220 can be interconnected through the computer network 900.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that a node of the NDSN 100 maybe implemented using a wide variety of available hardware andtechnologies generally known in the art, such as software on a personalcomputer or a handheld PDA. In addition, those skilled in the art willrecognize that the nodes of the NDSN 100 may be interconnected and maycommunicate with each other using a wide variety of available hardwareand technologies generally known in the art, such as TCP/IP over anEthernet or a wireless network. In one embodiment, some users may havetheir nodes hosted in a common location, e.g., on a local or remoteserver.

A user's PIA 400 provides various functions that permit the user toconnect to and interact with other members of the NDSN 100. Referring toFIG. 13, a user 250 employs the Discover use case 971 to discover theexistence of other members of the NDSN 100. The user 250 may or may nothave prior knowledge of the existence of members of the NDSN 100, andtherefore, may not need to discover the existence of the members of theNDSN 100. The user 250 employs the Connect use case 972 to connect toother members of the NDSN 100 and configures his user profile byutilizing the Configure 973 use case. Once connection to other membersof the NDSN 100 is established for the user 250, the user 250 can invitea new member 251 to connect to members of the NDSN 100 by utilizing theInvite use case 974. The user 250 employs the Request Projection 975 usecase to obtain a projection of the NDSN. If the user 250 decides todisconnect himself from the other members of the NDSN 100, he employsthe Disconnect use case 976. The new member 251 can similarly employ theuse cases (Discover 971, Connect 972, Configure 973, Invite 974, RequestProjection 975 and Disconnect 976) as described above.

The NDSN 100 captures multiple various dimensions of the relationshipbetween two users. The dimensions that are captured are wide-ranging andcan cover many aspects of a user's life. Each relationship between twousers in the NDSN 100 may have an attribute of affinity, i.e., trust oralignment. This permits the NDSN to characterize a relationship betweenusers along a continuous range, rather than treating the relationshipsin a binary (i.e., true or false) fashion. For example, rather thancharacterizing another user as simply a friend (or not), the NDSN usercan characterize the level of trust that he has in another user withwhom he is related by friendship; in other words the NDSN can capturethe level of friendship between two users.

In other embodiments, the multiple relationships between two users mayhave a single affinity attribute, as opposed to one affinity attributeper relationship. The value of the affinity attribute may be derivedfrom the user attributes (which may be contained in the user profile) ofone or both of the related nodes. For example, if both related userseach have a user attribute that identifies them as basketball fans, thenthe derived affinity attribute along a Sports dimension would have avalue of 0.9. However, if only one of the users has a user attributethat identifies him as a basketball fan, then the derived affinityattribute might have a lower value of 0.6.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that there are numerouswell-known software and hardware technologies that may be utilized toimplement the attributes of the users of the NDSN 100 and the attributesof the associations between the users.

A node of the NDSN 100 is connected to another node by one or moredegrees or separation. A connection from one node directly to anothernode is considered to be of first-degree separation; a connection thatgoes indirectly through one other node is of second-degree separation; aconnection that goes indirectly through two other nodes is ofthird-degree separation, and so on. In the example of FIG. 18, nodesa₁₁, a₁₂ and a₁₃ have first-degree separation from node a_(o); nodesa₂₁, a₂₂ and a₂₃ have second-degree separation from a₀; and nodes a₃₁and a₃₂ have third-degree separation from a₀.

Two nodes that are separated by two or more degrees of separation areindirectly connected. Either of such indirectly connected nodes mayattempt to establish a direct connection with the other node, thusreducing the degree of separation to one. A user might desire to workwith a “projected” view, i.e., a subset of the nodes, of the NDSN 100.Such a desire might be based, for example, on a need to increaseprocessing speed and reduce resource requirements such as CPU speed andmemory size. A user can obtain a “projected” view of the NDSN 100, byemploying the Request Projection use case 975 (see FIG. 13). Referringto FIG. 19, Node A and Node B are connected to the user 250. Therelationship between the user 250 and Node A has components in threedimensions: Music 106, Politics 107 and Cooking 105, while therelationship between the user 250 and Node B has components in the Music106 and Politics 107 dimensions, but not the Cooking dimension 105. InFIG. 19, the projected view 101 of the NDSN 100 includes those nodes(i.e., Node A) of the NDSN 100 that reside along a selected projectionof the Cooking dimension 105 (and not the Music or Politics dimensions106, 107). Nodes that reside in the two-dimensional plane formed by theMusic dimension 106 and the Politics dimension 107 (i.e., Node B) arethus not included in the projected view 101 of the NDSN 100, since theydo not include a Cooking component. A projection of the NDSN 100 mayalso be obtained along multiple dimensions.

The affinity attributes between nodes of the NDSN 100 may also be usedto determine the set of nodes that form a projection of the NDSN 100.For example, the set of nodes in a projection of the NDSN 100 mightinclude those nodes that have a cooking dimension relationship with theuser 250 and additionally have an affinity attribute along thatdimension that exceeds a specified threshold.

FIG. 20 depicts an example of the interactions associated with creatinga projection of the NDSN 100. In FIG. 20, the User 250 requests aprojection by sending a requestProjection message to PIA1 211. PIA1 211then requests a second projection by sending a requestProjection messageto PIA2 212. PIA2 212 creates the second projection by sending itself acreateProjection message, and provides the second projection by sendinga projection message to PIA1 211 containing the argument projectionTreewhich holds the second projection. PIA1 creates the projection requestedby the user by sending itself a createProjection message. The projectioncreated by PIA1 211 is based on the second projection received from PIA2212. In some embodiments, the projection created by PIA1 211 is furtherbased on other projections requested and received from other PTAs (notshown).

In other embodiments, thresholds are employed to limit the extent of arequested projection. For example, a time limit may be imposed on theoperation of creating a projection, i.e., the operation will terminateafter a specified duration of time. As another example, a limit on thenumber of nodes contained in the projection may be used to place anupper bound on the size of the projection.

In some embodiments, a maximum measure of separation, which can bemeasured in various ways, may be used to limit the projection operation.In one embodiment, the User 250 specifies the maximum degree ofseparation, and the PIA1 211 requests a second projection from PIA2 212with a maximum degree of separation that is one less than the degreespecified by the User 250.

A user node in the NDSN 100 may contain the user's profile, which mayinclude information regarding the user's basic personal information(e.g., name, home address, work address, e-mail addresses and date ofbirth), demographics (e.g., age, age group, gender, years of education,income, net worth, occupation, marital status, geographic region,religion, ethnicity, etc.), user attributes, interests, affiliations andother information that can be used in the NDSN to characterize the user.The user node, which in some embodiments is a PIA, may collect some ofthis information without requiring direct entry by the user. Suchinformation is extracted by monitoring, processing and analyzing datathat enters the PIA through its input data feeds. The user also may havethe option of directly entering, reviewing and modifying his userprofile; these actions can be performed on a variety of types of devicesor equipment that may provide the user with data connections to theother nodes of the NDSN, including, e.g., a PIA, a CIA, a personalcomputer, or a handheld device (e.g., a cell phone or personal digitalassistant (PDA)).

As described above, a user 250 may have no prior knowledge of theexistence of the members of the NDSN 100, and may choose to see if hecan discover the existence of members of one or more NDSNs. Members ofan NDSN may be discovered in various ways, including broadcasting aquery, querying a CIA, querying neighboring nodes and querying otherdirectories.

A node may be able to discover other nodes by broadcasting a message onthe local network. Upon receipt of the broadcast message one or more ofthe other nodes may respond to the issuing node with, e.g., a list ofavailable public feeds (if the node is a PIA), or other information.

A CIA may maintain a list of PIAs that can be accessed by another PIAsuch that direct connections to the member PIAs may be established. Thiswould allow a member to easily find other members of a particularcommunity. For example, a CIA associated with a chess club might have alist of its members, as well as lists of members of other chapters ofthe club, and thus would be able to provide a convenient way to find andconnect with other chess players.

A node may also locate other nodes by querying known neighbor nodes andasking them for addresses of nodes of which they have knowledge thatmeet certain criteria. For instance, a node may ask its neighbors foraddresses of their neighbors that are members of a certain demographic.The process could then be repeated with that new set of addressesobtained in the responses.

A user 250 may attempt to discover the existence of members of one ormore NDSNs by employing the Discover use case 971 (see FIG. 13).Referring to FIG. 14, the User 250 requests PIA1 211 to attempt todiscover the existence of members of an NDSN by sending a DiscoverNDSNmessage to PIA1 211. In order to satisfy this request, PIA1 211 utilizesa list (not shown) of candidate PIAs, i.e., those that may be members ofan NDSN. This list may be generated by various techniques (not shown),e.g., by crawling the Internet or by contacting a registry that storesthe identities of PIAs.

In the example of FIG. 14, the list of candidate PIAs used by PIA1 211includes PIA2 212 and PIA3 213. PIA1 211 asks PIA2 212 if it is a memberof an NDSN by sending a QueryNDSN message to PIA2 212. PIA2 212 respondsthat it is a member of an NDSN by sending an NDSNMember message to PIA1211 containing the argument ndsn which identifies the particular NDSN ofwhich PIA2 212 is a member. Similarly, PIA1 211 sends a QueryNDSNmessage to PIA3 213. PIA3 213 neither is a member of an NDSN norunderstands the QueryNDSN message, and thus it does not respond to PIA1211. After a timeout period has elapsed, PIA1 211 sends itself a timeoutmessage to note that PIA3 213 has not responded. PIA1 211 satisfies therequest from the User 250 to discover the existence of members of anNDSN by sending a ReportNDSN message to the User 250 with an argumentndsn that identifies the discovered NDSN.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that techniques of crawling theInternet and providing a registry are well-known in the art, andfurthermore that a variety of other techniques may be utilized togenerate the list of candidate PTAs.

To connect to members of the NDSN, a user employs the Connect use case972 (see FIG. 13). In the example of FIG. 15, the User 250 asks PIA1 211to connect to an NDSN by sending a ConnectNDSN message to PIA1 211 witharguments that contain his user profile (UserProfile) and identify theNDSN (ndsn). PIA1 211 utilizes a list (not shown) of PIAs that belong tothe NDSN. This list may be generated by various techniques (not shown),e.g., by crawling the Internet or by storing the identities of the PIAthat have been discovered by employing the Discover use case 971 (seeFIG. 13).

In the example of FIG. 15, the list of PIAs used by PIA1 211 includesPIA2 212. PIA1 211 informs PIA2 212 that the User 250 is becoming a newmember of, i.e., connecting to the NDSN, by sending a NewMember messageto PIA2 212 with an argument ndsn identifying the NDSN, and an argumentNewMember identifying the PIA (PIA1 211) owned by the new user (User250). PIA2 212, as a PIA of an existing member of the NDSN, has a listof PIAs owned by other members of the NDSN, which are unknown to the newmember, User 250. In the example of FIG. 15, this list includes PIA3213. PIA2 212 sends a NewMember message to PIA3 213 and the other PTAs(not shown) on the list with an argument ndsn identifying the NDSN, andan argument NewMember identifying the PIA (PIA1 211) owned by the newuser (User 250). Each PIA on the list sends the NewMember message toother PIAs (not shown), thus propagating the news of the new member toother members of the ND SN.

PIAs that are thus informed of the existence of the new member, User250, may decide to connect to PIA1 211. In the example of FIG. 15, PIA3213 connects to PIA1 211 by sending a Connect message to PIA1 211 witharguments that contain a user profile corresponding to the owner of PIA3213 (UserProfile) and identify the NDSN (ndsn).

FIG. 21 provides another example of a PIA connecting to the NDSN 100.The User 250 instructs PIA1 211 to connect to other nodes of the NDSN100 along a specific dimension by sending a connectNodes message with anargument dimension identifying the specified dimension to PIA1 211. PIA1211 searches the NDSN 100 for nodes along the specified dimension bysending itself a searchNodes message. In this example, PIA2 212 isincluded in the nodes found by PIA1 211. PIA1 211 then requests toconnect to PIA2 212 by sending a requestConnect message to PIA2 212.PIA2 212 grants the connection request by sending a grantConnect messageto PIA1 211. PIA1 211 then connects to PIA2 212 by sending a Connectmessage to PIA2 212. PIA1 211 informs the User 250 that the requestedconnections have been made by sending a connectedNodes message to theUser 250.

To invite a new member to connect to the members of the NDSN 100, a useremploys the Invite use case 974 (see FIG. 13). In the example of FIG.16, the User 250 asks PIA1 211 to invite User2 252 to connect to themembers of the NDSN by sending an InviteNewMember message to PIA1 211with an argument ndsn identifying the NDSN, and an argument NewMemberidentifying the potential new user (User2 252). PIA1 211 sends an Invitemessage to PIA2 212 with an argument ndsn identifying the NDSN.

PIA2 212 might inform User2 252 by displaying a user interface promptannouncing the invitation (not shown). To accept the invitation, PIA2212 responds by sending a Connect message to PIA1 211 with argumentsthat contain User2's user profile (UserProfile) and identify the NDSN(ndsn). If PIA2 212 were to decline the invitation, then PIA2 212 wouldrespond by sending a Decline message (not shown) to PIA1 211.

PIA1 211 also sends a NewMember message to PIA3 213 and other members ofthe NDSN (not shown), with an argument ndsn identifying the NDSN, and anargument NewMember identifying the PIA (PIA2 212) owned by the new user(User2 252). As described in the example of FIG. 15, the news of the newmember is thus propagated to other members of the NDSN. PIA1 211 sendsan Accepted message to the User 250, informing the User 250 that User2252 has accepted the invitation to connect to members of the NDSN.

To disconnect from other members of the NDSN, the user may employ theDisconnect use case 976 (see FIG. 13). In some embodiments, a user's PIAstores the addresses of PTAs that belong to the members to whom the useris connected. In the example of FIG. 17, the User 250 asks PIA1 211 todisconnect from the members of the NDSN by sending a DisconnectNDSNmessage to PIA1 211 with arguments ndsn and Member identifying the NDSNand the member. PIA1 211 sends a Disconnect message to PIA2 212 andother PIAs (not shown) that it is connected to, with an argument ndsnthat identifies the NDSN.

The user 250 may configure the PIA to permit a connection for one ormore specific user attributes between him and other users. In thismanner, users can easily connect with each other based on commoninterests, demographics or other factors. A user employs the Configureuse case 973 (see FIG. 13) to configure his NDSN node. For example, auser may configure his PIA to allow connections to any PIA that belongsto a user who coaches volleyball.

As discussed above, an embodiment of a situational network may be formedusing the framework of an NDSN. Within the framework of the NDSN, theevent or situation becomes associated with a node of the NDSN, referredto as an event node 3010. Referring to FIG. 35, the event nodecorresponding to an event node server 3011 may be established, orhosted, by a situation authority 207 or trusted provider, such as newssource (e.g., CNN or weather.com) or a government agency. The event nodemay be discovered by a user's PIA 404 corresponding to the user 250based on the PIA 404 searching or crawling the network for informationabout the situation or event if the connection can not be automaticallyestablished based on the configurations of the PIA 404 and the eventnode server 3011. A user 250 can then request connection to the eventnode server 3011 through the PIA 404 in order to receive and shareinformation about the situation with the situation authority 207. A user250 may also share information related to the situation with anotheruser in the NDSN using a connection established between the user's PIA404 and another PIA 406. PIA 406 may or may not be connected to theevent node server 3011. In one embodiment, the connection request may bedenied based on available computer network resources and the users'perceived need to access or share information on the SitNet.Alternately, users may automatically be invited to connect to the eventnode corresponding to the event as shown in FIG. 34. The automaticinvitation may be based on a stored user profile accessible to asituation authority server 3011 associated with the event node may crawlthe network for user PIAs 404, 406 that would likely be interested inthe information about the event. The user 250 may accept or decline theinvitation based on their interest in the event or situation. In oneembodiment, the situation authority 207 may have the authority tooverride a decline by the user 250 in order to share vital information,as is described in more detail below.

A situation or event may be associated with more than one event node,hosted by the same or different trusted provider, within a SitNet. Eachevent node may provide a source of different information based on thespecialty of the trusted provider. For example, a hurricane may beassociated with a first event node by a provider of weather information,such as The Weather Channel, a second by a source of news information,such as CNN, and a third by a source of emergency managementinformation, such as FEMA. Within the SitNet, users may be connected tosome or all of the event nodes corresponding to the situation in orderto obtain and share the most relevant information pertaining to them.

Links established between the nodes in situational network may betemporally limited. The temporal limit of the links may be establishedat the event node 3010 based on a predicted or known duration of theevent or situation. The temporal limit of a link may also be determinedby the user. Links established between PIAs of SitNet users may also betemporally limited. For example, users with a first order link to eachother that resulted from their connection to the event node may onlywish to share information for the duration of the event. The linkbetween the two users can be disconnected when either is disconnected ordisconnects from the event node, or the link may have a pre-determinedconnection time, established by one or both users at the time ofcreating the link. Referring to FIG. 29, PIAs at nodes corresponding toTed 3042, Fred 3040, and Ed 3041 are all connected to the event node3010 along storm dimensions 3046, 3048, and 3043, respectively. Ed 3041discovers Fred 3040 and a link along the storm dimension 3045 isestablished until either link 3048 or 3043 is disconnected.

In one embodiment, the temporal limitation of a link may be based ongeographic location or itinerary of the user. For example, a PIA isconnected to the SitNet by invitation or request. The position of theuser is monitored using a geographic positioning device, such as a GPSsystem, which may be included in the PIA. The connection with the eventnode is maintained while the user is within a predetermined distance ofthe situation. This distance may be determined at the event node or bythe user. Since the situation and the user may both be moving, it ispossible that the user may be disconnected and reconnected to the SitNetover a period of time. If the position of the user exceeds thepredetermined distance, the connection to the event node is terminated.For example, a user connecting to a SitNet related to a snow storm maybe connected to the SitNet when his PIA determines he is in proximity ofthe snow storm based on current location coordinates of the user and thecurrent location or forecast trajectory of the snow storm. The PIA maythen disconnect or be disconnected from the SitNet when it has beendetermined that the user has a low probability of experiencing anyfurther affects of the snowstorm. In an alternate embodiment, the useris invited to connect to an event node of a SitNet based on theirpredicted proximity to a situation. If the user accepts the invitation,the position of the user is monitored as described above, and theconnection to the event node is established when the location of theuser is within a pre-determined distance of the situation.

In order to maintain links between the nodes belonging to users in theSitNet during an unintentional disconnection of the user nodes with theevent node, such as failure or destruction of the systems hosing theevent node, the users may choose to extend or renew the temporallylimited link that would be terminated due to the disconnection from theevent node to remain connected to each other in order to share andexchange information regarding the situation.

Links may also be created in a SitNet between users or between a userand the event node with a temporally limited raised affinity. If thereare multiple dimensions connecting the users, the dimension related tointerests in the event or situation (e.g., travel) may have a temporallyraised affinity or a new temporally limited dimension with a raisedaffinity may be established. During the situation or event, users mayhave a greater need for information about the event or situation and aremore likely to share or provide information to other users in theSitNet. The other dimensions, such as music or art, may have lessimportance during the situation or event, such that the user's PIA willutilize most if its resource sharing or searching for information aboutthe situation or event. The raised affinity between the user devices404, 406 is maintained for the duration of the connection of the PIAswith the event node server is shown, for example, in FIG. 37. The levelof affinity may be changed based on the geographic proximity of theusers. In an embodiment, the affinity is raised along the dimension foronly some users in the SitNet, for example, users with PIA belonging tonodes of a particular projection of the SitNet.

A PIA connected to a SitNet may discover another PIA that it haspreviously established a connection with along one or several dimensionsin an NDSN. The connection may be a first order connection, or theconnection may be a higher order such that the two PIAs have neverdirectly exchanged personal information. Based on the previousconnection, the affinity along a dimension related to the situation maybe elevated or raised for a period of time that the two PIAs areconnected to the event node of the SitNet, or a new temporally limiteddimension with an elevated affinity may be established. The degree ofseparation may also be decreased to a first order connection if the twoPIAs have not previously communicated directly.

Referring again to FIG. 29, Ted 3042 and Fred 3040 have previous links(shown by the solid lines) along the dimensions of hobbies 3044 andtravel 3047. Upon discovering that they are connected to the event node3010 along the storm dimensions 3046 and 3048 (shown by the dashedlines), a new link between Ted 3042 and Fred 3040 along a stormdimension 3049 is established with an affinity higher than along eitherof hobbies 3044 or travel 3048 dimensions, as depicted with the thickerdashed line in FIG. 29. In one embodiment, the level of affinity ischanged based on the proximity of the PIAs to each other, with a higheraffinity being assigned as the proximity between the users decreases.

Users connected to an event node of a SitNet in an NDSN through a PIAmay also request a “projected” view, also referred to as a projection,of the SitNet using procedures described above. The projected view maybe created by a server 3011 at an event node as shown in FIG. 38. Afterreceiving the projection from the event node server 3011, the PIA 404may established connections with another PIA 406 included in theprojection. Alternately, the PIA 404 of user 250 or a PIA 406 of adifferent user connected to the SitNet may create the projection. Theprojected view may be created along one or several dimensions of theNDSN. A user may want to share information with only a subset of thetotal number of users connected to the situational network, and thus mayrequest or create a projection representing those other users that theuser has the most interest in sharing information. For example, the usermight request a projection for a SitNet based on location, allowing orrequesting a connection with only those users in a certain zip code. Asanother example, a traveler connected to an event node for accident maywant a projected view of the SitNet based on final travel destination inorder to share or solicit alternate travel routes around the accident.The user may also share the projection with other users connected tonodes contained in that projection. An example of a geographicprojection 3050 of nodes of a SitNet 3000 is shown in FIG. 30. TheSitNet 3000 includes the 10 nodes labeled (a) through (j). Nodes a, b,c, e, f, and i are included in geographic projection 3050 based on theirlocation with respect to boundary 3052. An example of such a situation3005 is a severe rain storm (the situation 3005) that poses a floodthreat to persons located on one side of a river (the boundary 3052). Ageographic projection 3050 is formed including only those nodes (labeleda, b, c, e, f, and i) where a user is threatened by flood waters. In oneembodiment, a server at the event node of the SitNet creates a set ofgeographic projections of users connected to the SitNet 3000, anddistributes those geographic projections to the appropriate PIAs ofusers in the corresponding locations based upon the node belong to thePIA being included in that projection. If a node of a PIA is included inmore than one geographic projection (e.g., two different projectionsthat include overlapping geographic areas), the PIA 400 may receive morethan one geographic projection. This enables a targeted distribution ofgeographically relevant information, including advertisements, to theconnected users by allowing critical information to be passed to userswho will receive the most benefit from knowing that information. Forexample, during a severe winter blizzard, the local effects of theblizzard may vary considerably over the affected area. Some areas may bewithout power, while other areas may experience road closures.Information of each of these conditions can independently be reported tothe relevant users, such as when power is expected to be restored orwhen the roads will be re-opened by creating projections of users foreach of the affected areas.

A SitNet can be used to provide navigation information, such aspotential navigation hazards, optimal routes, alternate routes, trafficconditions, or unexpected occurrences (i.e., a herd of cows blocking acountry road). A navigator can create an event node corresponding totheir probable itinerary, which includes start, intermediate, and endinglocations, as well as travel routes. PTAs of other navigators can crawlthe network to discover event nodes corresponding to their ownitineraries in order to determine if any relevant information has beenreported. Each navigator may have requirements for the information mostrelevant to their travel. Requirements include estimated maximum time oftravel, avoidance of hazards or detours, preferred itineraries orroutes, avoidance of particular areas or routes, need for specialservices, or need for child or pet friendly establishments. Informationthat may be provided includes messages or other communicationsoriginating from the navigator, and data provided by the vehicle throughon-board devices and sensors understood by one skilled in the art, suchas vehicle speed, vehicle location, and travel itinerary and routes. Theother navigators can then use this information in their navigationplans, such as estimating time of arrival, or adjusting the itinerary orroute to avoid potential hazards or unexpected conditions. Navigationcan include transportation by air, water, or land. As an example, apilot in a small aircraft traveling from Philadelphia to Chicago createsan event node for his flight. The PIAs corresponding to pilots ofseveral other aircraft connect to this node. Some are traveling nearlythe same flight route as the pilot, others flying a reverse route fromChicago to Philadelphia, and some others having a route that will crossthe first route at some time. The pilot who established the event nodeexperiences severe turbulence at 20,000 ft over central Ohio and reportsthe turbulence to the SitNet through his PIA. The other pilots can makein-flight decisions to change their own attitude or heading based onthis information. The other pilots also can share their information withother users of the SitNet that is not related to the turbulence overOhio. For example, one pilot may report a strong northwestern headwindover Cincinnati, while another may report localized severe thunderstormactivity just north of Pittsburgh, allowing all the pilots of the SitNetto assess to their own flight routes in view of these potential reportedhazards.

Another example of the SitNet 3000 in a travel related situation isshown in FIG. 28. Several travelers 3026, 3027, 3028, 3029 along astretch of highway are sharing or probing for information related to asituation 3005, a snow storm, affecting travel along that highway usingSitNet 3000. The situation authority 207 establishes an event nodecorresponding to the situation 3005 using the create use case. Thisevent node may be identified with the highway number, a specific milepost along the highway, or even a specific exit along a highway. Forexample, the event node may correspond to Mile Marker 50 on Interstate91 in Vermont, which may be particularly hazardous during a snow storm.Travelers may discover the event node server using the discover usecase, or alternately may be invited to participate in the SitNet 3000 bythe event node server using the invite use case if they are within apre-determined distance from the event node identifier. The connect usecase is included in both the invite and discover use cases. Thetravelers 3026, 3027, 3028, 3029 and the situation authority 207 shareinformation related to the situation using the share use case. In theexample of FIG. 28, some travelers (3027, 3028) have been invited tojoin the SitNet 3000 by the situation authority 207, while othertravelers (3026, 3029) have joined the SitNet 3000 based on a discoveryof the event node by their own devices. The situation authority 207 maybe a trusted provider of weather or traffic information, or a state orlocal DOT, who can also augment the information shared between thetravelers with the latest information regarding weather updates orreal-time road conditions. In an alternate embodiment, an event nodecorresponding to the situation may be established by one of thetravelers 3026, 3027, 3028, 3029 along the highway.

A situational network may be established to provide traffic informationto connected users. Event nodes for receiving traffic information may beestablished for the occurrence of an accident, road construction, policeor other emergency activities, or even a stretch of highway or city orzip code. The PIA of a traveler might be constantly crawling the NDSN todiscover information related traffic conditions is proximity to thevehicle or in intended route of the vehicle to its destination. Thesource of the traffic information may be other users' PTAs reportingtraffic conditions or information from a traffic or other agency such asa state or local Department of Transportation (DOT) that might providetraffic information. When the PIA receives information concerning apotential travel delay it alerts the user so the user can evaluate if analternate route should be taken. In one embodiment, the PIA suggests analternate route.

A SitNet may be used to provide common travel routes to users. This isespecially useful to users that are unfamiliar with the roadways in thearea where they are traveling and a situation such as an accident orroad construction is blocking their only known route through the area.By connecting to a SitNet with other users familiar with local roads,the user may learn of the most time efficient alternate routes aroundthe situation. Users may also discover popular short cuts through anormal congested area. In one embodiment, a traffic accident orconstruction zone is associated with the event node of a SitNet. Theevent node is created by trusted provide, such as a traffic agency orstate or local DOT. Pre-determined alternate routes may be stored in adatabase connected to a server associated with the host of the eventnode. A user is connected to the event node may be presented withalternate routes based on their current location and destination.

A situational network can be established for users traveling to and/orfrom the same location. A PIA for one of the users may crawl the networklooking for other PIAs that have information indicative of an expectedtravel to or from the same location on or around certain range of dates.The user may be offering a ride to the location or seeking a ride to thelocation. If the PIA discovers one or a set of other PIAs, it may invitethe other users of other PIAs to connect to the network to determine thefeasibility of sharing transportation, which may include all forms ofair, water, or land transport. In one embodiment, the situationalnetwork is encompassed by a PIA associated with a shared vehicle, such acar shares that are popular in many urban areas. A user's PIA candetermine availability of vehicles in the area parked in their homespace, or they might be able to obtain availability of a vehicle thatwas signed out by someone else but it might be available for a shorttime from a different location while the users that checkout the vehicleare not using the car.

Users can access information regarding travel delays using a PIAconnected to an event node of a SitNet. The event nodes can correspondto commercial transportation routes, such as a scheduled commercialairline flight, a specific commuter train or bus run, can be establishedby a transportation company, DOT, or traffic reporting agency. In anembodiment, the event node is created by a traveler. An event node canalso be established for a highway accident or road construction event. Auser can request a connection to a server corresponding to the eventnode in order to obtain most recent arrival time or delay time estimatedfor the situation corresponding to that event node. Alternatively, auser's PIA may automatically connect to the event node, such as theevent node for a commuter train that the user's spouse likely useseveryday. The user's PIA would then alert the user if there is anyexpected delay in the arrival of the commuter train. Similarly, a usercan request a connection to an event node established for a commercialairline flight. The connection would allow the user to be updated ofmost recent flight status for that particular airline flight. Traveldelay notifications can also be reported for highway delays, such asthose caused by accidents or road construction. A user expecting guestsmight request that her PIA crawl the network and seek event nodesrelated to expected travel routes for the guests and automaticallynotify her if there are any unexpected delays.

A situational network may be used to broadcast emergency information tousers connected through into the situational network. In one embodiment,a user's home page is automatically re-directed to a website where mostcurrent information regarding the emergency event can be found.Similarly, emergency information can be directed to users' cell phonesand PDA's. In an alternate embodiment, the emergency informationprovider establishes an event node of the situational network. A user isinvited to connect to the event node to receive updated information.Once the user accepts the invitation, new updates are automaticallydelivered to the user as they are made available. In one embodiment, theserver at the event node has the authority to override a declinedinvitation to connect to the event node. In order to protect personalprivacy to the greatest extent possible, such an override utility mightbe limited to be activated by a very select few individuals or trustedproviders and can be activated only in the direst of emergencysituations, such as when imminent loss of life may be a probable resultof the event or situation.

Referring to FIG. 24, a situational network may be formed for anemergency event or situation. The SitNet 3000 for the emergency eventmay have multiple tiers or access levels to allow for more effectivesharing and propagation of information between users of the SitNet 3000.A first level of access (L1) 3034 is provided to L1 users 3030 such asemergency responders. Emergency responders include entities such asfire, police, EMT, and rescue personnel at or in transit to the locationof an emergency. Emergency responders may also include government (e.g.,FEMA) or other emergency management agencies that may be involved incrisis management during a disaster. A 911 dispatcher or medicalpersonnel may also be granted L1 access to the SitNet 3000. A secondlevel of access (L2) 3036 is provided for L2 users 3031, such as thoseindividuals with a physical proximity to the emergency event. Theseindividuals are also referred to as affected individuals. For example,those in the forecast track of a hurricane, those enveloped by thehurricane, and those in the wake of the hurricane are all classified asaffected individuals and granted L2 access to the SitNet 3000.Similarly, those within a certain radius of the epicenter of anearthquake may be classified as affected individuals and granted L2access to a SitNet 3000 established in response to the earthquake. Athird level of access (L3) 3038 is provided to L3 users 3032, such asrelief agencies and those materially affected by the disaster. Examplesof organizations or individuals who might be granted level 3 accessinclude The American Red Cross, insurance companies and their adjustors,and those individuals with family or property in the affected locationwho do not reside in the affected area (those residing in the affectedarea have L2 access). The different levels of access allow for efficientsharing of the most relevant information between the differentindividuals directly and indirectly involved in the SitNet 3000. L1access allows emergency responders to access to information sharedbetween all members of the SitNet 3000, plus provides a trustedconnection for emergency responders to share information that may becritical in providing emergency service to the L2 individuals. L2individuals can provide location information that may be useful for arescue or conditions inside the situation or event that may beinvaluable or otherwise unknown to emergency responders. The differentlevels of access can also allow for the most effective use of limitednetwork resources, such as bandwidth, that may result from situation orevent, for example ensuring that L1 access has the greatest resourceallocation so that emergency responders can exchange vital informationregarding the situation. In an embodiment, information in the emergencyevent SitNet 3000 is exchanged using the PIAs corresponding to thedifferent individuals participating in the event or situation. A PIAcorresponding to a user with L1 access may a have a higher affinityalong the dimension related to the emergency event to anther L1 accessPIA that it would have with L2 or L3 access PIA, allowing the moreefficient and trusted sharing of information among the emergencyresponders.

Information shared by the various individuals participating in the eventor situation may include audio and video data. This audio and video datacan be aggregated by a server, which in one embodiment may correspond tothe event node of the SitNet, to provide a geographic “snapshot” of thesituation. By tagging each piece of video or audio data with a locationand time coordinates, it is possible to create a spatial map of thesituation. The time evolution of the situation can be obtained byaggregating the geographic snapshots for different times. Access to thegeographic snapshot data is unrestricted for emergency responders withL1 access to the SitNet. Limited access to the geographic snapshot datamay be provided individuals with L2 or L3 access, depending on bandwidthavailable within the SitNet. An external portal, such as an Internetwebsite, may be established by a situation authority for the emergencyevent where some or all of the geographic snapshot data is madeavailable, if system and network resources permit, to persons notconnected to the SitNet.

A “roll-call” or “check-in” feature can be included in a situationalnetwork for a disaster or emergency event to establish a list of personsthat might be missing or need assistance. A server corresponding to theevent node of the situational network may invite users determined to bephysically threatened by a disaster or emergency event to check-in. Theserver or CIA of the event node 3010 may determine which user PIAs tocontact through stored lists, such as apartment or office buildingoccupancy record, or postal record for streets or zip codes. Thosepeople identified with a PIA are sent an unsolicited message to reply ifthey are alright, also referred to a positive response. A user may alsorespond to the check-in that they need assistance and provide locationinformation to emergency responders. Non-responding PIAs are reported toemergency management officials to decide what further actions may berequired to locate those individuals. Referring to FIG. 32, a PIA 400displays an alert warning 3070 requiring user input that they are eitherok 3074 or need assistance 3072. The user may also be presented with anoption to display the current status of the roll call list 3076 so theshe may be able to provide information on users that have not respondedto the roll call query. In the example of FIG. 32, “Building PropertyManagement” has provided a list of building occupants for “1 TowerPlace” to the trusted provider “Springfield Fire Company” which hasestablished an event node and provided the roll call query to the PIA.

A situation authority or trusted provider establishing an event node3010 for a server that hosts the roll call or check-in feature describedabove may provide a searchable message board to users connected to theSitNet as well visitors not connected to the SitNet that allows sharingof information about individuals in the SitNet 3000 with persons outsidethe SitNet. Referring to FIG. 40, Situation Authority 207, User 1 254,and User 2 256 are connected through a situational network. Visitor 3258 is not connected to the situational network, but can access certaininformation made available by the situation authority via the messageboard, and post comments viewable by the participants of the situationalnetwork. The searchable message board may be used as in interface togain access to information from one or more situational networks fordifferent emergency events or disasters. Referring to FIG. 33, themessage board 3080 may be accessible by a website on the internet(outside the SitNet). A visitor to the website can search 3082 themessage board for information related to a specific situation or event.The information may be tagged with a location coordinate so thatcheck-in and other information can be searched and obtained down to azip code, street or even individual household level 3084. The searchablemessage board also allows visitors not connected or unable to connect tothe SitNet the opportunity to post 3088 or view 3086 messages that arerelevant to a specific situation, such as searching for information on amissing family member or friend. Other visitors with information aboutthe situation can respond to those messages with any information thatthey can share. In one embodiment, the most recent roll-call list forthe search criteria entered by the visitor is available using a link3089 on the webpage.

During a disaster or crisis, relief agencies may establish a node of aSitNet 3000 for rapid deployment of emergency information. The server ofthe relief agency obtains the list of users connected to the SitNet 3000from the server encompassing the event node 3010 corresponding to thesituation. From this list, the relief agency can determine which usersare likely affected by the disaster and invite those users to establisha connection with a node associated with the relief agency. The reliefagency may also be able to determine to what goods and services are mostneeded in different areas based on information about the users obtainedfrom stored profiles. The relief agency may then provide informationsuch as nearest shelter, location where emergency supplies are beingdistributed, or service or goods providers may still be in operation.The user may also be able to provide information to the relief agencysuch as what services or utilities are still available at theirlocation, what type of relief supplies are most needed, the extent ofdamage, etc. In one embodiment, the relief agency may be an insurancecompany, which provides claims information to it affected clients or aschedule of when and where adjustors will be visiting.

Referring generally to FIG. 42, targeted advertisements from anadvertising entity 208 may be delivered to devices of users 254, 256connected through a SitNet using profile and location informationrelating to the users 254, 256 collected by the situation authority 207,and determining an ad opportunity based on an affiliation between theuser and the situation. An affiliation that a user has with thesituation is used as a basis for delivering the targeted advertisements.The affiliation between the user and the situation is determined fromone or more factors, including but not limited to, proximity of the userto the situation, role of the user within the situation, affect of thesituation on the user, affect of the situation on property of the user,and projection of the SitNet in which the user is included. In somecases, one of the preceding factors alone may not be sufficient todetermine an affiliation of the user to the situation. Many users withinthe same proximity of a situation may be affected very differently bythe situation. For example, a homeowner and vacationer within the samecity may have very different needs during a weather crisis such as ahurricane, even though their proximity to the situation is essentiallythe same. Affiliation information may be determined in part by analyzingpersonal data about the user, such as contained in a stored profile orfound in a PIA. Information about a user's actual or predicted locationmay also be used in determining the affiliation. Once the advertisementsare selected for a user, the targeted advertisements may be delivered tousers of the SitNet using methods well understood by one skilled in theart.

By way of example, referring to FIG. 27, individuals participating in aSitNet for a hurricane event are directed to a source of information,which may be a web page. Based on the affiliation of the user with thesituation, an advertising entity associated with the SitNet may delivertarget advertisement to each user. A homeowner in the direct path of thehurricane may be shown ad for a hardware store that still has an amplesupply of plywood 3080. The targeted ads may be location based (e.g., ina zip code) so that all SitNet users do not rush to the same store whichquickly will be depleted of its plywood supply leaving latecomers toundertake a costly and time-consuming hunt for the plywood elsewhere. Auser perceived to be a traveler in the area of the hurricane may bedisplayed an advertisement for the nearest hotel with vacancies 3082.Someone with an interest in the hurricane, maybe with family members orfriends in the area, who is connected to the SitNet but is not inproximity to the hurricane, may be delivered a targeted ad to donate toa relief fund 3084. In one embodiment, targeted advertisements aredelivered when a user connects to the SitNet using a PIA based on accessto personal information or a user profile on the PIA accessible by thetargeting ad server. If access to all personal information isrestricted, the targeted ad service may display a default advertisementto the user. In an alternate embodiment, advertisements can be targetedfor presentation to users connected through the SitNet using theprojections of the SitNet. All users in one projection of the SitNet mayreceive different advertisements on their PIAs than users of a differentprojection of the SitNet based on targeted criteria specific for each ofthe projections. Targeting criteria may include, but are not limited to,type of situation, location of the situation, and aggregate projectionuser demographics, such as average age, median household income, anpercentage of households with children.

A situational network may be used to effectively manage the distributionof information regarding availability of limited goods and services as aresult of an event or situation, such as disruptive weather or naturaldisaster. Based on the locations of the users in the SitNet, goods andservices can be offered to users participating in a SitNet. All theusers within a certain nearby geographic proximity, such as a zip code,town, or street, to providers of the goods and services, may receivenotifications regarding the availability of the goods or services atthose locations. As a user changes position, updated information may beprovided based on most recent location coordinates associated with theuser. A change in availability of goods and services at differentlocations may also be provided to the users of the SitNet based oninformation provided by the providers of the goods and servicesthemselves, or alternately, the users of the SitNet. As the supplies ofthe goods are depleted and services become unavailable, users of theSitNet are automatically notified of other nearby providers. Anticipatedavailability of good and services may also be distributed to the usersof the SitNet in a similar manner. For example, in advance of ahurricane during a large scale evacuation, gasoline may be in shortsupply. To compound this difficulty people may waste both gasoline andtime searching for a location that is selling gasoline. By connecting toSitNet associated with the hurricane, users may be presented with thelocation of the nearest provider with a supply of gasoline, oralternately several nearby locations. In addition, nearby users may bepresented with different lists of available filling stations to helpreduce a rush to a single location by all the users that will soondeplete its gasoline supply as a result. When a filling station nolonger has a supply of gasoline, users in the vicinity may be notifiedbased on information provided by the owner of the filling station, or byother users at that location who may have been waiting in line when thesupply runs out.

In one embodiment, user profile information is used with the userlocation information to determine the nearest provider of goods andservices that fulfill actual or perceived needs of the user. The userprofile information can be stored on a user device, such as a cell phoneor PIA, or at a central site, such as a server associated with asituation authority or communications provider. The user profileinformation may contain, but is not limited to, number and ages ofindividuals in the user's household, number and type of pets owned bythe user, languages spoken, medical conditions of the user and his/herdependent (e.g., diabetes), and special services need by the user andhis/her dependents (e.g., dialysis). Such information can be used indirecting a user to a provider of the nearest service that fulfills someor all the needs of the user during or as a result of the situation. Forexample, during a hurricane evacuation, a user with two dogs can bedirected toward the nearest evacuation center that accepts pets, whichmay not be the nearest evacuation center to the user if other centersthat are closer do not accept pets.

In addition to the location of the nearest provider of goods andservices, situational dependent information, such related hazards, canbe distributed to the user. The related hazards may impede the user fromgaining access to the goods or services, such as flooded or otherwiseimpassable roads on the most probable route to a storm evacuationcenter. In one embodiment, alternate routes to the provider of the goodsor services are suggested, minimizing the hazards that a user mightencounter enroute to obtain the goods or services.

Location based goods and service notifications may be delivered to userdevices in a language that is understood by the user. The selection ofthe language in which to deliver the notification may be based oninformation contained in the user profile. The user may have previouslyselected the delivery language which is then stored in the user profile,or the notification sender may automatically determine the deliverylanguage based on the personal information contained in the userprofile.

Notifications of the service may be delivered on GPS-enabled portabledevice, such as a cell phone or PDA, so that a traveling user canreceive notifications of services most relevant to his current location.In one embodiment, the portable device, can notify the provider of theservice that the user in enroute, including any special considerations,such as those included in the user profile. The user may alsocommunicate additional special considerations, such as injuries orspecial needs, to the service provider.

In an alternate embodiment, location based services can be offered tousers connected to an event node of a SitNet using a PIA. Usingpositional coordinates associated with the user of the PIA, a serverlocated at the event node can create a set of projected views of theSitNet, such that the nodes in each of the projected views of the SitNetare within close geographic proximity, such as a zip code, town, orstreet. A distribution of providers of limited goods and services thatmight be available after the occurrence of a situation or event can thenbe delivered in a targeted manner to the users of the SitNet using theprojected views. As the users' location changes, location coordinatesare provide to the event node server so that the projected views areupdated, and user always receives the most up to date location basedservice information for their current location.

A situational network can be used to efficiently deliver and propagate amessage or notification from a single user related to a situation orevent to an expanded group of individuals who are directly or indirectlyaffected by the event or situation. The message may be created anddistributed by a situation authority, or alternately created by anindividual in response to receiving information about occurrence orexpected occurrence of the situation. Each recipient of the message ornotification may have pre-defined groupings of other users, such asfamily, friends, co-workers, neighbors, etc, so that an incomingnotification can be forwarded to only to the selected groups of users.The groups that are displayed to the user for propagation of thenotification may be dependent on the situation, with the displayedgroups either being pre-selected by the user or determine automaticallyby the receiving device, which in one embodiment is a PIA and the groupscorrespond to users at nodes in an NDSN. For example, a user will likelyneed to notify one set of groups of users in their NDSN if school isbeing closed, and another set of groups of users if she is delayed by atraffic accident. Automatic determination of groups may be accomplishedvia creating projections of the PIA user's NDSN that are relevant to thesituation of the incoming notification, for example, projections alongthe dimensions corresponding to family, friends, or business contacts.

A user can create separate notifications that are added to the messagefor each group before forwarding the message. The notifications for eachgroup are separately composed on a device used to propagate the messagebefore the message is forward to the different groups. The notificationsare all preferably composed on a single screen of the device. Themessage and the corresponding notifications composed on the device arethen all transmitted to the users of the selected groups atsubstantially the same time using a single action on the device such asactuating an actuator of the device. The single action on the devicecauses each notification composed on the device to be attached to themessage, and subsequently transmitted to the appropriate users for eachgroup. Examples of actuators include mechanical buttons or touchsensitive display panels. In an embodiment, the user may also reply tothe sender of the message with a personal response. The reply may betransmitted using the same single action as described above, ortransmitted at a separate time using a different action on the device.

Notifications may be distributed in the SitNet 300 using a peer to peerconnections, or through connections to a centralize service, such as onethat includes the situation authority.

Referring to FIG. 25, a school district superintendent creates a node inthe situational network using a PIA 3060 to inform a group of users thatschool will be closed tomorrow. He creates a message 3066 that ispropagated to a first set of users in selected groups (teachers, staff,parents, and snow removal). In this example, the groups are selectableby the superintendent, and different notifications are added to themessage for each group, and propagated using the [NOTIFY] actuator 3068on the PIA. The superintendent has chosen not to inform thesuperintendents of other school districts of his decision, overridingthe automatic selection of that group by the PIA. Jane Doe, a parent whohas a child in the Springfield School District receives the message fromthe superintendent on her PIA 3062, which is included in her cell phone.She propagates the message to her pre-defined group of users withadditional notifications, also using the [NOTIFY] actuator 3068. JaneDoe's friend receives the original message 3066 propagated through JaneDoe's PIA 3063 on her PIA3064, which is included in her PDA with anadditional notification 3069 added by Jane Doe. She replies 3067 to JaneDoe's notification using the [REPLY] actuator and notifies her friendsusing the [NOTIFY] actuator 3068 that she will be at Jane Doe's housetomorrow.

A situational network may be established where the situation is a socialevent, such as a concert or festival. Users attending the event arealerted when other members of the NDSN are also in attendance at thesame event. In one embodiment, the situational network is a proximitybased network. Users are alerted to the presence of other membersincluded in their NDSN by their PIA when they are both in attendance atthe same event based on the sharing of position coordinated between thePTAs. In one embodiment, the situational network is used to facilitatepersonal introductions. A user's NDSN may contain many contacts that arepersonally unknown to a user possible due to a higher order degree ofseparation in the NDSN or because of physical distance between the twousers, but nonetheless the two users share an affinity along at leastone dimension where they exchange personal information. When the twousers are connected to the event node in the same situational network,and are or will soon be in close proximity, an alert may be presented bythe users' PTAs so that the users may decide if they would like to meetin person. The PTAs may determine future proximity based on a commonevent scheduled in both calendars of the users PIAs. Instantaneousproximity may be determined by sharing location coordinates obtainedusing a geographic location device, such as GPS, included in the PIA. Inone embodiment, a user pre-selects other users in their social networkthat are personally unknown to them and that they would like topersonally meet. When those pre-selected individual are in proximity,the user is notified of their location even in the absence of aconnection to an event node. The connection between the two userscreates a proximity situational network. For example, when two users'PIAs are crawling the NDSN and one discovers that the other is within apre-determined range due to sharing of GPS position coordinates betweenthe two PIAs, an alert can be sent to that user to facilitate a personalintroduction between the two users.

Users interested in the same weather event may be connected in asituational network for social interaction. A user may be connected tothis weather driven social network using a link on an internet sitedisplaying information about that weather event. Other users can beconnected to the same social network from different links on differentwebsites also displaying information about the weather event. Referringto FIG. 26, a user interested in a forecasted snow storm may visit awebpage 3070 of a weather website for weather information related tothat event. When viewing the weather event details page 3072, the userinterested in skiing at a popular ski destination may click on a link3074 and be connected to a centralized social networking website 3076related to the weather event. The social networking website allows usersto share and exchange information for a number of topics includinglodging, transportation, social events, or popular meeting locations.Alternately, the PIA may be used to connect to an event node server ofthe situational network for the weather event, or the PIA may create anode for the weather event. The user may invite other users with similarinterests to join the SitNet using the PIA. Additionally, the user's PIAmay also crawl the network along a dimension in its NDSN, such asoutdoor activities, to discover other users interested in the weatherevent and request a connection. The SitNet established in the NDSNthough the PIA may be used to share information similar to that obtainedon the website discussed above, but the information is shared in a peerto peer manner instead of controlled by a centralize source.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that the interactions employedto perform the various functions associated with the SitNet 3000, PIA,CIA and the NDSN (Discover, Connect, Invite, Configure, etc.) may beexecuted in a variety of ways not limited to the examples describedherein.

FIG. 22 illustrates a block diagram of a computer system 1150 forrealization of a computer-implemented apparatus that may form all or apart of one or more implementation(s) or embodiment(s) of the presentinvention. The computer system 1150 includes a computer 131, a keyboard132, a mouse 133, and a monitor 134. The computer 131 has a network port138 for connecting to the computer network 900 (not shown). The computer131 is connected to a storage device 135 which contains the programinstructions 136 for the software application that provides the logicalfunctions of the computer-implemented apparatus. The storage device 135also contains a database 137 for storing data.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that the program instructions136 for software applications implementing all or a portion of one ormore embodiment(s) of the present invention may be written in aprogramming language such as Java or C++, and that the database 137 maybe implemented with a database package such as Microsoft Access™ or adatabase management system (DBMS) such as Microsoft SQL Server™,Microsoft SQL Server CE™, IBM DB2™, mySQL or postgreSQL.

FIG. 23 illustrates a block diagram of the computer 131. A system bus1002 transports data amongst the Central Processing Unit (CPU) 1004, RAM1006, the Read Only Memory Basic Input Output System (ROM-BIOS) 1008 andother components. The CPU 1004 can contain a cache memory component1024. The computer 131 may include one or more external storage ports1017 for accessing a hard disk drive, optical storage drive (e.g.,CD-ROM, DVD), flash memory, tape device or other storage device (notshown). The relevant storage device(s) are connected through theexternal storage port 1017 which is connected to the system bus 1002 viaa disk controller 1022. The keyboard 132 and the mouse 133 can beconnected to the keyboard port 1012 and mouse port 1013, respectively,which are connected to the system bus 1002 through the I/O controller1010. The monitor 134 can be connected to a monitor port 1014 which isconnected to the system bus 1002 through the video controller 1015. Anetwork device (not shown), including but not limited to an Ethernetdevice or other device having networking capability, can be connected tothe network port 138 which is connected through the network controller1016 to the system bus 1002. Additional ports, such as parallel orserial ports (not shown), may be utilized through the I/O controller1010. The computer 131 may include one or more USB ports 1023. A USBdevice (not shown), including but not limited to a printer, scanner,keyboard, mouse, digital camera, storage device, PDA and webcam, can beconnected to the USB port 1023 which is connected to the system bus 1002through the USB controller 1011. Expansion slots 1018 can be comprisedof Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) slots, Peripheral ComponentInterconnect (PCI) expansion slots, PCI Express expansion slots,Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) slots or any other slot generally knownin the art to allow additional cards to be placed into the computer 131.These slots can be used to connect network cards, video cards, soundcards, modems and any other peripheral devices generally used with acomputer. Detailed descriptions of these devices have been omitted forconvenience only and should not be considered limiting.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that a part of, or the entiretyof, the embodiments of the present invention may be implemented as aweb-based application that includes a web server and a browserapplication residing on a client computer.

The embodiments of the present invention may be implemented with anycombination of hardware and software. If implemented as acomputer-implemented apparatus, the present invention is implementedusing means for performing all of the steps and functions describedabove.

The embodiments of the present invention can be included in an articleof manufacture (e.g., one or more computer program products) having, forinstance, computer useable media. The media has embodied therein, forinstance, computer readable program code means for providing andfacilitating the mechanisms of the present invention. The article ofmanufacture can be included as part of a computer system or soldseparately.

While specific embodiments have been described in detail in theforegoing detailed description and illustrated in the accompanyingdrawings, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art thatvarious modifications and alternatives to those details could bedeveloped in light of the overall teachings of the disclosure and thebroad inventive concepts thereof. It is understood, therefore, that thescope of the present invention is not limited to the particular examplesand implementations disclosed herein, but is intended to covermodifications within the spirit and scope thereof as defined by theappended claims and any and all equivalents thereof.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method of accessing situation relatedinformation, the method comprising: forming a situational networkrelated to an occurrence of a situation by establishing connectionsamong a plurality of participant devices determined to be geographicallyproximate to the situation, each of the participant devicescorresponding to a participant in the situational network and beingconnected to the situational network in response to receipt of anacceptance of an invitation to connect to the situational network;aggregating information related to the situation received at least inpart from the plurality of participant devices connected via thesituational network; establishing an electronic message board forproviding access to the information related to the situation forindividuals not participating in the situational network; searching theinformation related to the situation in response to receiving aninformation request, via the electronic message board, from anon-participant device associated with one of the individuals notparticipating in the situational network; and providing a portion of theinformation determined from the searching to the non-participant devicevia the electronic message board.
 2. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: receiving a message via the electronic message board fromthe non-participant device; and causing the message to be displayed onthe electronic message board based on user selection criteria.
 3. Themethod of claim 2, wherein the message is viewable by the participantsin the situational network accessing the electronic message board viathe respective participant devices.
 4. The method of claim 1, whereinthe situation includes at least one of an emergency event, a weatherphenomenon, or a natural disaster.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein theinformation is tagged with a geographic position identifier.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the information request includes anindication of a geographic position.
 7. The method of claim 1, whereinthe electronic message board is capable of providing the informationaggregated for a plurality of situational networks, each situationalnetwork formed in response to a different situation, wherein theinformation aggregated from each situational network is tagged with anidentifier corresponding to the respective situation.
 8. The method ofclaim 7, wherein the portion of the information is presented on theelectronic message board according to a selection of the identifier ofone of the situations.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the electronicmessage board is accessed from the non-participant through a website onthe Internet.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the electronic messageboard includes a function to access a check-in feature associated withthe situational network, the check-in feature providing a check-instatus of participants of the situational network.
 11. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the participants of the situational network, usingdirect connections between the participant devices, exchange theinformation with each other and without the facilitation of a centralhost.
 12. A method of accessing situation related information, themethod comprising: forming, for each of a plurality of situations, asituational network including a plurality of participant devicesdetermined to be geographically proximate to the respective situation,each of the participant devices corresponding to a participant in thesituational network and being connected to the situational network inresponse to receipt of an acceptance of an invitation to connect to thesituational network; aggregating information related to the plurality ofsituations obtained at least in part from the participant devicesforming the situational networks corresponding to the respectivesituations, wherein the information is tagged with a first identifiercorresponding to one of the situations and a second identifiercorresponding to a geographic location proximate to the respectivesituation; establishing an electronic message board for providing accessto, according to the first and second identifiers, the informationrelated to the plurality of situations for individuals not participatingin the situational networks; receiving an information request, via theelectronic message board, from a non-participant device associated withone of the individuals not participating in the situational network theinformation request including a selection of the first identifier andsecond identifier; searching the information related to the plurality ofsituations using received selections of the first identifier and secondidentifier; and providing a portion of the information to thenon-participant device via the electronic message board.
 13. The methodof claim 12, further comprising: receiving a message from thenon-participant device via the electronic message board; and causing themessage to be displayed on the electronic message board based on userselection criteria.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the plurality ofsituations include at least one of an emergency event, a weatherphenomenon, or a natural disaster.
 15. The method of claim 12, whereinthe electronic message board is accessed through a website on theInternet.
 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the electronic messageboard includes a function to access a check-in feature associated withthe situational networks, the check-in feature providing a check-instatus of participants of the situational networks.
 17. A method ofaccessing situation related information, the method comprising:establishing by a situation authority a centralized service based onidentification of at least one situation; forming, for each of the atleast one situation, a situational network including a plurality ofparticipant devices determined to be geographically proximate to therespective situation, each of the participant devices corresponding to aparticipant in the situational network and being connected to thesituational network in response to receipt of an acceptance of aninvitation to connect to the situational network; aggregating at thecentralized service information related to the at least one situationfrom one or more sources, wherein the sources include the participantdevices forming the situational networks corresponding to the at leastone situation; establishing by the situation authority an electronicmessage board for providing access to the information related to the atleast one situation for individuals not participating in the situationalnetwork; searching the information related to the at least one situationin response to receiving by the situational authority an informationrequest, via the electronic message board, from a non-participant deviceassociated with one of the individuals not participating in thesituational networks; and providing a portion of the informationdetermined from the searching to the non-participant device via theelectronic message board.
 18. The method of claim 17, furthercomprising: receiving by the situation authority a message from thenon-participant device via the electronic message board; and causing themessage to be displayed on the electronic message board based on visitorselection criteria.
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the informationrelated to the at least one situation is tagged with a first identifiercorresponding to one of the situations and a second identifiercorresponding to a geographic location proximate to the respectivesituation.
 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the electronic messageboard is accessed through a website on the Internet.
 21. The method ofclaim 17, wherein the information request includes an indication of ageographic position.
 22. A system for accessing situation relatedinformation, the system comprising: a central server, corresponding to asituation authority, configured to: form, for each of a plurality ofsituations, a situational network including a plurality of participantdevices determined to be geographically proximate to the respectivesituation, each of the participant devices corresponding to aparticipant in the situational network and being connected to thesituational network in response to receipt of an acceptance of aninvitation to connect to the situational network, aggregate informationrelated to the plurality of situations obtained at least in part fromthe participant devices forming the situational networks correspondingto the respective situations, wherein the information is tagged with afirst identifier corresponding to one of the situations and a secondidentifier corresponding to a geographic location proximate to therespective situation, establish an electronic message board forproviding access to, according to the first and second identifiers, theinformation related to the plurality of situations for individuals notparticipating in the situational networks, receive an informationrequest, via the electronic message board, from a non-participant deviceassociated with one of the individuals not participating in thesituational network, the information request including a selection ofthe first identifier and second identifier, search the informationrelated to the plurality of situations using received selections of thefirst identifier and the second identifier, and provide a portion of theinformation to the non-participant device via the electronic messageboard; and a database associated with the central server configured tostore the information related to at least one situation obtained fromthe plurality of participant devices.